Month: July 2024

Slavery Advertisements Published July 20, 1774

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in colonial American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Pennsylvania Gazette (July 20, 1774).

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Pennsylvania Gazette (July 20, 1774).

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Pennsylvania Gazette (July 20, 1774).

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Pennsylvania Journal (July 20, 1774).

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Supplement to the Pennsylvania Journal (July 20, 1774).

July 19

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Connecticut Courant (July 19, 1774).

“BOHEA TEA, (not infected with a duty).”

Advertisements for tea did not disappear from American newspapers following the Boston Tea Party in December 1773, nor after the Boston Port Act closed that city’s harbor as punishment in June 1774.  Some merchants and shopkeepers made a point of announcing that they no longer stocked such a controversial commodity.  Others did not include tea alongside coffee and chocolate, an omission that likely did not escape notice since shopkeepers so often marketed those three beverages together.  A few continued with business as usual.  William Beadle, for instance, advertised “GOOD TEA” in the Connecticut Courant in the summer of 1774.

Amos Wadsworth and Fenn Wadsworth also advertised tea in the Connecticut Courant, but they took a more careful approach in marketing it to the public.  They included “BOHEA TEA” among a list of groceries that included coffee and chocolate, though they clarified that their tea was “not infected with a duty.”  The Wadsworths did not explain how they had managed to acquire tea without paying a duty; perhaps they acknowledged with a wink and a nod that they sold smuggled tea, thus enhancing its value to consumers who would derive pleasure from the part they would play in putting one over on Parliament when they purchased the tea.

Realizing how much consumers enjoyed tea despite the political problems associated with it, the Wadsworths highlighted that item in their advertisement.  They stocked “a genuine assortment of DRUGS, MEDICINS” and “an assortment of European and India GOODS” as well as the groceries that they listed in their advertisement.  Among the groceries, only “BOHEA TEA” appeared in capital letters, drawing attention to that item over others.  With capital letters used sparingly in throughout the advertisement, the Wadsworths seemingly made a deliberate decision to accentuate tea while simultaneously affirming that it was acceptable for supporters of the American cause to purchase and drink this tea “not infected with a duty.”  That made their marketing strategy consistent with the principles expressed in editorials that lamented the “oppressive and unconstitutional Acts of the British Parliament.”  The July 19, 1774, edition of the Connecticut Courant also included the text of the Massachusetts Government Act and a poem, “HAIL LIBERTY!”  In that context, the Wadsworths provided a means for consumers to enjoy their favorite beverage in good conscience.

July 18

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Boston-Gazette (July 18, 1774).

“I did suddenly and inadvertently sign an Address to the late Governor Hutchinson.”

When he published an advertisement in the July 18, 1774, edition of the Boston-Gazette, Thomas Kidder of Billerica attempted to extricate himself from a difficult situation.  He explained that he had “suddenly and inadvertently sign[ed] an Address to the late Governor Hutchinson with some others, (Justices of the Peace) of Middlesex.”  Thomas Hutchinson, the outgoing governor, had received several letters praising his administration of the colony, each of them signed by dozens of colonizers.  Some of those letters found their way into print, revealing to the public which members of the community approved of the way the unpopular royal governor had participated in Parliament’s efforts to establish greater control over Boston, the rest of Massachusetts, and all the colonies.

That garnered the wrong kind of attention for Kidder and others, especially those who then professed that they did not actually harbor loyalist sympathies but had instead been “inadvertently” embroiled in the controversy.  Kidder explained that he had signed the letter to Hutchinson “in great Haste, and not so well considering every Part thereof, nor the dangerous Consequences of said Address.”  He did not enjoy the reception he received from colonizers who supported the patriot cause, prompting him to apologize.  He confessed that he was “very sorry” for signing the letter and “as it hath offended my Christian Brethren and Neighbours, I do hereby desire their Forgiveness, and a Restoration of their Friendship.”  Apparently, Kidder’s seeming endorsement of Hutchinson caused so many difficulties in his daily interactions with others that he found it necessary to take to the public prints to disavow an address that he claimed he had not fully considered or understood when he signed it.  It was no mistake that he ran his advertisement in the Boston-Gazette, a newspaper noted for advocating the political views of patriots who opposed the policies enacted by Parliament and Hutchinson’s collaboration in executing them.

In “Entering the Lists: The Politics of Ephemera in Eastern Massachusetts, 1774,” William Huntting Howell documents which newspapers published addresses to Hutchinson and broadsides printed in response, some of them identifying the occupations and places of business of the signatories.  That amounted to an eighteenth-century version of doxing people based on their political views.  Howell argues that such a response was designed “to coerce and secure individual compliance.”  He examines several “RECANTATIONS” that appeared in the newspapers as signatories of addresses to Hutchinson attempted to restore their standing among their fellow colonizers.[1]  Over the next several months, the Adverts 250 Project will feature advertisements, like the one place by Kidder, placed for similar purposes, demonstrating the pressure that patriots managed to bring to bear against real and perceived loyalists as the imperial crisis intensified in 1774.

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[1] William Huntting Howell, “Entering the Lists: The Politics of Ephemera in Eastern Massachusetts, 1774,” Early American Studies 9, no. 1 (Winter 2011): 191, 208-215.

Slavery Advertisements Published July 18, 1774

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in colonial American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Boston Evening-Post (July 18, 1774).

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Boston-Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet (July 18, 1774).

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New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury (July 18, 1774).

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New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

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Supplement to the South-Carolina Gazette (July 18, 1774).

July 17

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago this week?

New-York Journal (July 14, 1774).

“The great and daily Increase in the Number of Customers to this Paper.”

John Holt’s address to readers of the New-York Journal in the July 14, 1774, edition did not include an element that many likely expected to encounter.  It did not request that subscribers and others who owed money for goods and services provided by Holt’s printing office send payment or else face legal action.  Colonial printers frequently ran such notices, what Isaiah Thomas, printer of the Massachusetts Spy, termed a “‘dunning’ advertisement” a month earlier.  Instead, Holt expressed appreciation to his customers and expounded on the satisfaction he derived from serving the public by disseminating the news.

He also took the opportunity to promote the New-York Journal to readers who were not yet subscribers, commencing his notice by noting a “great and daily Increase in the Number of Customers to this Paper.”  Drawing attention to an increase in circulation also signaled to prospective advertisers that placing notices in the New-York Journal would be a good investment, especially since Holt’s newspaper competed with the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury and Rivington’s New -York Gazetteer.  Yet he framed the recent increase in subscribers as approval of “the Sentiments and Measures he has from Inclination and a Sense of Duty endeavoured to inculcate and promote for the public Good.”  For instance, the front page of that edition featured two items reprinted from the South-Carolina Gazette that Holt “republished both on account of the excellent sentiments they express, which are equally applicable to all the British Colonies, and to show that our brethren in South Carolina concur with the other Colonies in resenting and opposing the tyrannical acts of the British Parliament.”  The first of those editorials encouraged colonizers to “UNITE,” echoing the sentiments expressed in the “UNITE OR DIE” image that recently replaced the British coat of arms in the masthead.

Holt allowed that more customers meant “private Advantage to himself,” alluding to more revenue in his printing office, but emphasized that his editorial decisions “have been generally acceptable to all Ranks of People.”  He considered this a “double Pleasure,” while leaving no doubt that he regarded serving the public more important than earning his livelihood.  The printer asserted that “he shall ever receive more Pleasure from those Advantages he may receive in common with the Society of which he is a Member than in those peculiar to himself.”  Positioned first among the advertisements in that issue of the New-York Journal, Holt’s notice did not explicitly make demands of readers, neither to settle accounts nor to become subscribers.  Instead, the printer cultivated support for his newspapers in a more subtle manner, explaining that “the public Good” motivated his editorial perspective and gently suggesting to readers that they become patrons of a newspaper that was already increasing in circulation because “all Ranks of People” appreciated his approach to delivering news and editorials.

July 16

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Providence Gazette (July 16, 1774).

“Extract from the Preface of Mrs. GRIFFITH, the Translator of VIAUD’s Voyages and Adventures.”

In addition to printing the Providence Gazette, John Carter also sold books at his printing office “at Shakespear’s Head.”  In July 1774, he ran a lengthy advertisement that listed about a dozen familiar titles before noting that he “just received” a new book about “the suprising, yet real and true VOYAGES and ADVENTURES of Monsieur PIERRE VIAUD, a French Sea-Captain.”  The volume was “ornamented with an elegant Frontispiece of Madam LA COUTURE and her Son, with Captain VIAUD, and his Negro, on the desolate Island.”  The book recounted the wreck of Le Tigre, a French vessel, near Dog Island off the Gulf coast of Florida while en route to New Orleans in 1766.  It was published in French in 1768, with an English translation appearing in 1771.  The book achieved considerable popularity in the eighteenth century.  As a bonus, the edition advertised by Carter included “the SHIPWRECK, a sentimental and descriptive Poem, in three Cantos, by WILLIAM FALCONER, an English Sailor.”

Carter’s marketing startegy included providing an “Extract from the Preface of Mrs. GRIFFITH, the Translator of VIAUD’s Voyages and Adventures” to entice readers.  The excerpt underscored that the book told a true story: “The Work here offered to the Public is certainly the most incredible Story that ever was authenticated.”  Beyond the “Writer’s Veracity” derived from the “Inenuousness of his Stile,” the narrative contained “concurrent and corroborating Circumstances enough … to evince the Truth of his Narrative.”  Griffith also emphasized that in France the book “was universally received, not as a Romance, but as a series of surprising, interesting and extraordinary Facts.”  Carter did not advertise a novel, like The Life and Strange Suprizing Advertures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner (1719), but instead an accurate account of Viaud’s travels that readers would find inspiring rather than merely entertaining.  In the extract from the preface, Griffith exclaimed that the survival and rescue of Viaud and his companions “amounts almost to a Proof, that Patience, Resolution, and Perseverance, are a Match for Difficulty and Danger, and are sometimes able to combat Death itself.”

The printer and bookseller also included other assertions intended to generate interest in the books.  Griffith stated that the “Original of this Work ran through several Editions in France.”   Such popularity demanded attention in other places.  Furthermore, the translator claimed that so many people clamored for Viaud’s tale that “the Gentleman who was so obliging to lend the Book to me, could not procure another for himself.”  Smart readers in Providence needed to acquire their copies before they sold out.  Carter also inserted a “Memorandum in America” in hopes that it would make the book resonate with local readers.  That excerpt reported that Viaud “in the Fall of the Year 1766, was for some Months entertained ay the House of Mr. Depeyster, Merchant, in New-York.”  During that time, he “was well known and respected by many of its genteelest Inhabitants.”  That connection to British North America not only testified to the veracity of Viaud’s narrative but also gave readers more of a stake in engaging with the narrative.

Carter did not simply announce that he stocked Viaud’s Voyages and Adventures.  Instead, he deployed several marketing techniques.  He promoted the frontispiece and poem that accompanied the book in addition to printing an extensive excerpt from the translator’s preface.  Carter made sure prospective customers knew about the popularity that the book already achieved while also establishing that it was a true narrative rather than a fictional account.  He noted Viaud’s time in New York to further excite local interest.  All in all, Carter crafted a sophisticated marketing strategy for the book.

Slavery Advertisements Published July 16, 1774

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in colonial American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Providence Gazette (July 16, 1774).

July 15

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Massachusetts Spy (July 15, 1774).

“She has removed from Fore-street, to a little above the Hay-Market.”

Susanna Renken achieved her greatest visibility in the public prints with the advertisements for garden seeds she inserted in several newspapers printed in Boston in the winter and spring.  In several years, she was the first entrepreneur to advertise garden seeds, quickly joined by a sorority of seed sellers who sought their share of the market.  Most of those female entrepreneurs did not place advertisements throughout the rest of the year, even those, like Renken, who mentioned that they also stocked “English and India Goods all which may be had cheap for Cash.”

In the summer of 1774, however, circumstances prompted Renken to advertise that “she has removed from Fore-street,” where she had been for many years, “to a little above the Hay-Market.”  She reminded both current customers and the public that she “has for Sale, a variety of English and India GOODS, Groceries of all sorts, West-India and New-England Rum.”  Renken did not go into as much detail about her wares as many other merchants and shopkeepers, confining her notice to announcing her new location so she could maintain (and perhaps expand) her clientele.

She also did not advertise as widely as she usually did when she promoted garden seeds.  She usually placed notices in several newspapers printed in Boston and sometimes even in the Essex Gazette published in Salem.  Of the five newspapers that served Boston in 1774, Renken opted to advertise in only two, the Boston-Gazette, printed by Benjamin Edes and John Gill, and the Massachusetts Spy, printed by Isaiah Thomas.  Those printers and their publications were well known for their support of the Sons of Liberty and their critiques of a British government that encroached on the liberties of colonizers.  Thomas had recently updated the masthead of the Massachusetts Spy to include an image of a snake, representing the colonies, defending itself against a dragon, representing Britain, with the declaration “JOIN OR DIE.”  With the harbor closed to trade due to the Boston Port Act, perhaps Renken expressed her own political views in choosing which newspapers to carry her advertisement.

Slavery Advertisements Published July 15, 1774

Carl Robert Keyes Slavery Adverts 250 Project

The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements about enslaved people – for sale as individuals or in groups, wanted to purchase or for hire for short periods, runaways who liberated themselves, and those who were subsequently captured and confined in jails and workhouses – in daily digests on this site as well as in real time via the @SlaveAdverts250 Twitter feed, utilizing twenty-first-century media to stand in for the print media of the eighteenth century.

The project aims to provide modern audiences with a sense of just how often colonizers encountered these advertisements in their daily lives. Enslaved men, women, and children appeared in print somewhere in the colonies almost every single day. Those advertisements served as a constant backdrop for social, cultural, economic, and political life in colonial and revolutionary America. Colonizers who did not purport to own enslaved people were still confronted with slavery as well as invited to maintain the system by purchasing enslaved men, women, and children or assisting in the capture of so-called “runaways” who sought to free themselves from bondage. The frequency of these newspaper advertisements suggests just how embedded slavery was in colonial and revolutionary American culture in everyday interactions beyond the printed page.

These advertisements also testify to the experiences of enslaved men, women, and children, though readers must consider that those experiences have been remediated through descriptions offered by enslavers rather than enslaved people themselves. Often unnamed in the advertisements, enslaved men, women, and children were not invisible or unimportant in early America.

These advertisements appeared in colonial American newspapers 250 years ago today.

Connecticut Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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Massachusetts Spy (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

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South-Carolina and American General Gazette (July 15, 1774).

July 14

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer (July 14, 1774).

“At this critical and alarming juncture … set up the business of REED-MAKING.”

Nathaniel Pike testified that he wished to do his part to support the American cause in an advertisement in the July 14, 1774, edition of Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer.  He informed the public that he was “willing to assist in promoting manufacturers in America, (especially at this critical and alarming juncture)” and, accordingly, “lately set up the business of REED-MAKING.”  Eighteenth-century readers familiar with weaving knew that reeds were the “part of a loom consisting of a set of evenly spaced wires known as dents (originally slender pieces of reed or cane) fastened between two parallel horizontal bars used for separating, or determining the spacing between, the warp threads, and for beating the weft into place.”[1]  Pike pledged that “weavers and others, both in town and country, may be supplied with reeds of all kinds, as neat and good as any imported.”

Although Pike did not name the Boston Port Act or any of the other Coercive Acts passed by Parliament in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, readers certainly understood the context for his reference to “this critical and alarming juncture.”  From New England to Georgia, colonizers discussed how to respond, many of them advocating for a new round of nonimportation agreements like the ones enacted in response to the Stamp Act and the duties imposed on certain goods in the Townshend Acts.  That meant that “domestic manufactures” or goods produced in the colonies would become important alternatives to imported goods.  Pike offered his own product made in the colonies, those reeds that matched imported ones in quality, yet his enterprise also facilitated greater production of textiles in the colonies.  Every stage of producing cloth took on greater significance in the face of boycotting fabrics imported from England, from farmers raising sheep for their wool to women participating in spinning bees that put their patriotism on display to consumers choosing and wearing homespun cloth out of allegiance to their political principles.  By supplying weavers with reeds for their looms, Pike served a vital role in protests against the abuses perpetrated by Parliament.  He expected that current events would help in marketing his product.

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[1] Oxford English Dictionary, II.11.a.