Political Pamphlet

April 20

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Pennsylvania Evening Post (April 20, 1776).

“OBSERVATIONS on the RECONCILIATION of GREAT-BRITAIN and the COLONIES … ARGUMENTS for and against.”

As colonizers marked the first anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1776, they debated the purpose of the war.  When it began, most wanted a redress of grievances within the imperial system, just as they had sought in response to the Stamp Act in 1765 and 1766 and the Townshend Acts in the late 1760s.  Yet as the war continued, more and more colonizers determined that it was no longer possible nor desirable to return to their position within the British Empire before the imperial crisis began.  The publication and widespread dissemination of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense in January 1776 convinced many readers to support declaring independence.

Robert Bell, the bold printer who published the first edition of Common Sense, contributed to the debate by printing, advertising, and selling several political pamphlets that expressed a range of views.  For instance, he published and sold “PLAIN TRUTH … containing Remarks on a late Pamphlet intituled COMMON SENSE,” a pamphlet that argued that “permanent Liberty, and true Happiness can only be obtained by Reconciliation” with Great Britain.  For readers interested in a pamphlet that considered both sides of the issue, Bell also marketed “OBSERVATIONS on the RECONCILIATION of GREAT-BRITAIN and the COLONIES.  In which are exhibited ARGUMENTS for and against that MEASURE.  By a FRIEND of AMERICAN LIBERTY.”

When Bell’s advertisement for that pamphlet appeared in the April 20, 1776, edition of the Pennsylvania Evening Post, much of the other content argued against reconciliation.  The column next to Bell’s advertisement featured a list of seven “Reasons for a DECLARATION of the INDEPENDANCE of the American Colonies” submitted by a reader.  On the final page, another item submitted by a reader outlined “The PROGRESS of an American’s CREED for obtaining a redress of grievances, and brining about a reconciliation with Great-Britain.”  That timeline mocked colonizers who consistently advocated for one more effort to restore the colonies’ relationship with George III and Parliament.  It started with the rationale given in September 1774, “I believe in the efficacy of the union of the colonies,” and continued with other milestones, including “I believe in the efficacy of Lord Chatham’s speech, and Mr. Wilke’s opposition to the court,” invoking support from politicians in Britain, in January 1775, “I believe in the efficacy of a second petition to the King,” now known as the Olive Branch Petition, in July 1775, and “I believe in the efficacy of the reduction of Chamblee, St. John’s and Montreal,” referring to the invasion of Canada, in November 1775.  The final item, dated March and April 1776, stated, “I believe in the efficacy of COMMISSIONERS coming over to redress all our grievances, and to bring about a constitutional reconciliation with Great-Britain.”  Colonizers who advocated for reconciliation, this litany suggested, snatched at false hope as they made rationalization after rationalization for not declaring independence.  No matter the political or military measures that should have worked to the colonies’ advantage, they were never enough to get the king and Parliament to reach a satisfactory settlement.  It was time to stop generating new excuses and insisting that their opponents would finally see the light and negotiate in good faith.  The correspondents who submitted these items to the Pennsylvania Evening Post did not have much use for the arguments for reconciliation presented in latest pamphlet that came off Bell’s press.

April 19

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Essex Journal (April 19, 1776).

“By the hundred[,] dozen or single, with good allowance to those who take a quantity.  COMMON SENSE.”

One year after the battles at Lexington and Concord that started the Revolutionary War, the first advertisement for Thomas Paine’s Common Sense appeared in the Essex Journal and New-Hampshire Packet.  John Mycall, the printer of that newspaper, prepared a local edition in Newburyport, Massachusetts, just as printers in many other cities and towns in Pennsylvania, New York, and New England had done in the three months since Robert Bell made the first edition available in Philadelphia.

This newest edition was not yet ready for sale.  Instead, Mycall announced that it was “Now in the press, and will be published in about a fortnight.”  He encouraged readers to anticipate its publication, priming the pump for distributing the popular political pamphlet within the next couple of weeks.  His advertisement replicated many that appeared in other newspapers.  He gave the title of the pamphlet, provided an overview of its contents by listing the subject headings, and gave two lines from the poem “Liberty” by Scottish poet James Thompson.  He also described his edition as “A NEW EDITION, with several Additions in the Body of the Work To which is added an APPENDIX; together with an Address to the People called QUAKERS.”  That suggested that Mycall drew the Newburyport edition from one of the expanded editions that Paine collaborated with William Bradford and Thomas Bradford in publishing in Philadelphia after the author parted ways with Bell, though the printer of the first edition pirated that bonus content when he published unauthorized subsequent editions.  A nota bene in Mycall’s advertisement, “The new Addition here given increases the Work upwards of one Third,” echoed the Bradfords’ advertisements.

To increase sales and disseminate the pamphlet widely, Mycall enlisted a local agent in Andover, and both of them sold copies “by the hundred[,] dozen or single, with good allowance to those who take a quantity.”  In other words, he gave a discount to customers who bought multiple copies.  Those who purchased a dozen may have distributed them to friends, while those who purchased “by the hundred” likely planned to sell them retail in their own shops.  The discount for volume allowed them to set competitive prices while turning a profit.  In addition, Mycall proclaimed that “the price will be as low as it can Possibly be Afforded, in Order to put so valuable a Piece into the Hands of the Poor, as well as the Rich.”  Such efforts likely helped Common Sense become the most widely read political pamphlet published in the colonies during the era of the American Revolution.

April 8

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Boston-Gazette (April 8, 1776).

“TO-MORROW will be published … A NEW Edition of COMMON SENSE.”

The April 8, 1776, edition of the Boston-Gazette featured an update about the local edition of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense announced in the New-England Chronicle four days earlier.  On a Thursday, readers learned that “Next week will be PUBLISHED, and to be SOLD … in BOSTON, A New Edition of COMMON SENSE.”  The following Monday, an advertisement with a headline that proclaimed “COMMON SENSE” informed the public that “TO-MORROW will be published and sold … A NEW Edition of COMMON SENSE.”  In less than a week, the Boston edition went from in the press to in stock and for sale.

The new advertisement included a clarification about where readers could acquire copies: from “J. Gill, and T. and J. Fleet, in Boston, and B. Edes in Watertown.”  The previous version listed only Boston locations, though Benjamin Edes had relocated to Watertown to print the Boston-Gazette there throughout the siege of Boston.  Although the British departed on March 17, Edes and the Boston-Gazette remained in Watertown until the end of October.  Customers could purchase Common Sense from Edes in Watertown or from John Gill, his former partner in publishing the newspaper, in Boston.  In addition, Thomas Fleet and John Fleet, who had printed the Boston Evening-Post before it folded soon after the battles at Lexington and Concord, also sold Common Sense in Boston.

As the number of local editions of Common Sense proliferated in 1776, so did the number of advertisements promoting the popular political pamphlet and the number of newspapers disseminating advertisements about it.  The number of retailers who sold Common Sense also increased.  Although the printers in Boston and Watertown did not do so, others listed the price for a single copy and offered discounts for buying a dozen or more, encouraging booksellers, shopkeepers, and others to purchase copies to sell far and wide.  Counting the number of local editions of Common Sense demonstrates the popularity of the pamphlet compared to other political tracts published during the era of the American Revolution, yet that does not reveal the timing of their publication and sale to readers.  Advertisements for Common Sense, on the other hand, demonstrate when local editions became available to readers.

April 4

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

New-England Chronicle (April 4, 1776).

“Will be PUBLISHED … in BOSTON, A New Edition of COMMON SENSE.”

It did not take long after the siege of Boston ended with the evacuation of British troops on March 17, 1776, for printers in that town to set about publishing a local edition of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.  An advertisement in the April 4 edition of the New-England Chronicle, published in Cambridge, announced that “Next week will be PUBLISHED, and to be SOLD, by T. and J. FLEET, and EDES and GILL, in BOSTON, A New Edition of COMMON SENSE.”  This edition would include “several additions in the body of the work: To which is added an Appendix, and an address to the representatives of the people called Quakers.”  That the printers described it as a “New Edition” suggested that they followed the second edition that Paine collaborated with William Bradford and Thomas Bradford in publishing rather than unauthorized editions that Robert Bell, the publisher of the first edition, marketed after having a falling out with the author.  The Bradfords described their edition as the “NEW EDITION” in their advertisements.  They also inserted a nota bene that declared, “This Edition contains upwards of one-third more than any former one.”  The Fleets and Edes and Gill replicated that nota bene in their own advertisement.

It likely came as no surprise to local readers that Benjamin Edes and John Gill got involved in publishing an edition of Common Sense.  For many years, they printed the Boston-Gazette, a newspaper known for its strident advocacy for the American cause.  After publishing the April 17, 1775, edition of the Boston-Gazette, they suspended the newspapers and dissolved their partnership following the battles at Lexington and Concord on April 19.  Edes removed to Watertown, where the Massachusetts Provincial Congress met, and resumed publication in early June 1775.  The Boston-Gazette remained there until the end of October 1776 and then returned to port city.  Thomas Fleet and John Fleet, the former printers of the Boston Evening-Post, had previously collaborated with Edes and Gill and other local printers on other projects, especially almanacs.  They published the final issue of the Boston Evening-Post on April 24, 1775, announcing that they “shall desist publishing their Papers … till Matters are in a more settled State.”  They never resumed publishing their newspaper, but they joined with Edes and Gill in publishing a Boston edition of Common Sense shortly after the British left the city.  Samuel Hall, the printer of the New-England Chronicle, may have attempted to give the enterprise a boost.  The news updates in the column to the left of the advertisement for the popular political pamphlet reported that a “favourite toast, in the best companies, is, ‘May the INDEPENDENT principles of COMMON SENSE be confirmed throughout the United Colonies.’”  The publication and dissemination of a Boston edition of Common Sense helped in spreading those “INDEPENDENT principles in New England.

March 28

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

New-England Chronicle (March 28, 1776).

“THE 2d Salem Edition of the celebrated Pamphlet, intitled COMMON SENSE.”

A brief advertisement in the March 28, 1776, edition of the New-England Chronicle alerted readers that “THE 2d Salem Edition of the celebrated Pamphlet, intitled, COMMON SENSE, is just published, and to be sold by EZEKIEL RUSSELL of that place.”  It was the fourth advertisement for Thomas Paine’s influential political pamphlet that appeared in a newspaper published in Massachusetts and perhaps the first one that promoted an edition of Common Sense printed in that colony.

On March 4, the Boston-Gazette, printed in Watertown during the siege of Boston, carried a notice offering “A few of those celebrated Pamphlets … to be Sold (if applied for soon) at Mr. Samuel Wait’s … in Cambridge; and at the Printing Office in Watertown.”  Benjamin Edes, the printer of the Boston-Gazette, did not indicate which edition he stocked.  The copies he had on hand may have come from the press of Judah P. Spooner in Norwich, Connecticut, or from the press of John Carter in Providence, Rhode Island.  Alternately, Edes may have acquired copies published in New York or Philadelphia.  Perhaps Russell had published a local edition in Salem by early March, doing so without fanfare in the public prints.  Edes ran the same advertisement again three weeks later.

In the time between the appearances of those advertisements in the Boston-Gazette, Samuel Hall offered for sale at his printing office in Cambridge “A few copies of that valuable pamphlet, intitled COMMON SENSE” in an advertisement in the March 14, 1776, edition of the New-England Chronicle.  Which edition did he sell?  Could it have been the first edition printed in Salem by Russell?  If so, why did the advertisement published on March 28 indicate that Russell sold the “2d Salem Edition” in that town but Edes did not have copies in Cambridge?

Whatever the answer to that question, this reference to a “2d Salem Edition” seems to suggest an edition published there but not listed in Richard Gimbel’s Bibliographical Check List of Common Sense.  Gimbel identifies only one edition published in Salem in 1776.[1]  Its title page identified it as the “Third Edition,” though that did not necessarily mean that Russell printed three editions.  Instead, it likely indicated that he knew of two previous editions.  When John Carter published local editions in Providence, he identified them as the “Sixth Edition” and the “Tenth Edition,” presumably taking into account editions printed in Philadelphia, New York, and other towns that came to his attention via newspaper advertisements, correspondence, and exchanges with fellow printers.[2]  That being the case, Russell almost certainly knew that any Salem edition he published was not the third edition printed in the colonies, but perhaps the disruptions caused by the war had an impact on his networks for collecting information at the time he first took a Salem edition to press.  That the advertisement in the New-England Chronicle cites a “2d Salem Edition” yet Gimbel lists only one edition of Common Sense printed there might indicate that yet another edition circulated in 1776 even though no known copies have survived in historical societies, research libraries, and private collections.  Paine’s pamphlet went through more editions than any other published during the era of American Revolution.  Perhaps it had one more edition than scholars previously realized.

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[1] Richard Gimbel, Thomas Paine: A Bibliographical Check List of Common Sense with an Account of Its Publication (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 91.

[2] Gimbel, Thomas Paine, 90-91.

March 15

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Henrich Millers Pennsylvanischer Staatsbote (March 15, 1776).

“Gesunde Bernunft.”

An advertisement partially in English and partially in German informed readers of the March 15, 1776, edition of Henrich Millers Pennsylvanischer Staatsbote that the printer stocked and sold several political journals, including “The WEEKLY VOTES Of the HONOURABLE HOUSE of ASSEMBLY, of the present Sitting,” “All the VOTES of the last Year’s Session,” and “The Fourth and Fifth VOLUMES of [the] Collection of the VOTES from the Year 1744.”  Miller offered his readers opportunities to learn more about current events as well as the political history of Pennsylvania over the past three decades.  “Gleichfalls” or likewise, he sold “Gesunde Bernunft,” a German translation of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.  Among the many printers who had advertised the popular political pamphlet in the two months since Robert Bell published the first edition in Philadelphia on January 9, Miller was the first to list it as an item also available for purchase rather than making it the focal point of his advertisement.

That had not always been the case in the pages of Henrich Millers Pennsylvanischer Staatsbote.  On January 16, Bell inserted an advertisement (in English) that announced the publication and sale of Common Sense at his shop on Third Street.  A week later, Bell’s advertisement ran once again, this time competing with an advertisement (in German) that announced that Gesunde Bernunft “Es ist jebt under der Presse” or “is in the press” and soon to be published by Melchior Steiner and Carl Cist.  Although Steiner and Cist did not collaborate with Bell on their German edition, they replicated much of his advertisement.  That included giving readers an overview of the contents by listing the headings for the four sections of pamphlet and publishing an epigraph from “Liberty,” a poem by James Thomson.  A month later, Steiner and Cist ran another advertisement (in German) announcing publication of Gesunde Bernunft.  They charged one shilling for a single copy or nine shillings for a dozen.  Like other printers, they offered a discount for those who purchased in volume for retail sales or to distribute to family and friends.

The Adverts 250 Project continues to track the proliferation of local editions of Common Sense and newspaper advertisements intended to disseminate the pamphlet widely, yet a complete accounting cannot overlook the German translation, Gesunde Bernunft, published and advertised by Steiner and Cist.  Very shortly after the pamphlet grabbed the attention of English-speaking colonizers, Steiner and Cist set about making Paine’s radical ideas accessible to German-speaking colonizers in Philadelphia and the backcountry.

March 14

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

New-England Chronicle (March 14, 1776).

“A few copies of the valuable pamphlet, intitled, COMMON SENSE, to be sold by the Printer hereof.”

Just three days before the British evacuated Boston, ending the siege that began nearly a year earlier following the battles at Lexington and Concord, the first advertisement for Thomas Paine’s Common Sense appeared in the New-England Chronicle.  Samuel Hall published that newspaper, according to the masthead, “at his Printing-Office in Stoughton-Hall, HARVARD-COLLEGE,” in Cambridge.  Most of the newspapers published in Boston before the fighting commenced ceased or suspended publication or relocated beyond the city.  Amid such disruption, Hall moved the Essex Gazette, formerly published in Salem, to Cambridge and renamed it the New-England Chronicle.  During the first year of the Revolutionary War, it served the towns outside of Boston and the American encampment where General George Washington oversaw the siege.

That first advertisement for Paine’s influential political pamphlet in the New-England Chronicle contained little fanfare.  Unlike the advertisements that ran in most other newspapers, it did not provide an overview by listing the several sections within the pamphlet.  Instead, two brief lines advised, “A few copies of that valuable pamphlet, intitled COMMON SENSE, to be sold by the Printer hereof.”  Perhaps Hall felt that Common Sense did not need much introduction, especially if prospective customers had already heard about it and discussed the radical ideas that Paine espoused.  After all, Robert Bell published the first edition in Philadelphia two months earlier.  That was plenty of time for word to spread to Cambridge.  In addition, the pamphlet was so popular that Bell quickly took a second (unauthorized) edition to press, Paine worked with William Bradford and Thomas Bradford to publish a new edition in Philadelphia, and printers in several towns in New York and New England published, advertised, and sold local editions.  Which edition did Hall have on hand to sell at his printing office?  He may have acquired copies of the edition jointly published by Timothy Green, the printer of the Connecticut Gazette in New London, and Judah P. Spooner, a printer in Norwich, or the edition published by John Carter, the printer of the Providence Gazette.  Alternately, he may have received copies of other editions sent to him from as far away as New York or Philadelphia … or perhaps even a local edition published in Salem by Ezekiel Russell not previously advertised in any newspaper.  Even if readers of the New-England Chronicle already knew about the ideas that Paine presented in Common Sense, few had likely read the pamphlet for themselves.  Hall provided an opportunity for them to do so, aiding in the dissemination of the pamphlet in the months before the Continental Congress declared independence.

March 13

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago tiday?

Connecticut Journal (March 13, 1776).

“That much esteemed Pamphlet, intitled, COMMON SENSE.”

Two months after Robert Bell published the first edition of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense in Philadelphia, printers in other cities and towns in New York and New England published local editions that increased the circulation of the popular political pamphlet.  Advertisements for Common Sense proliferated as those printers marketed their editions and other printers and booksellers acquired copies that they sold in their communities.  On March 13, 1776, an advertisement for Common Sense appeared in the Connecticut Journal, published in New Haven, for the first time.

“Just published & to be sold by the Printers hereof,” Thomas Green and Samuel Green announced, “That much esteemed Pamphlet, intitled, COMMON SENSE; ADDRESSED To the INHABITANTS of AMERICA.”  The Greens, however, had not published their own local edition.  As was the case with so many other advertisements for books and pamphlets, eighteenth-century readers knew to separate the phrases “Just published” and “sold by the Printers hereof.”  The latter did not mean that the printers had published the pamphlet themselves; instead, it meant that the pamphlet was “now available” rather than “forthcoming” or “in the press.”

The Greens stocked an edition that included “an APPENDIX to Common Sense, and an Address to the Representatives of the People called Quakers.”  Paine included that additional material in his approved new edition published by William Bradford and Thomas Bradford, the printers of the Pennsylvania Journal, after he parted ways with Bell.  It did not take long for Bell to pirate those items and incorporate them into a supplementary pamphlet of essays he marketed as related to Common Sense.  On the same day that the Greens first advertised Common Sense in the Connecticut Journal, the Bradfords once again cautioned the public that the “Pamphlet advertised by Robert Bell, entitled Additions to Common Sense … consists of pieces taken out of the News-papers, and not written by the author of Common Sense.”  That the Greens did not mention any additional material except the “APPENDIX, and an Address to the Representatives of the People called QUAKERS” suggests that they stocked copies published by the Bradfords rather than by Bell.  The advertisement does not definitively demonstrate that was the case, but it does show that more and more printers made some version of the political pamphlet available to readers.  The Greens simultaneously advertised “EXTRACTS from the VOTES and PROCEEDINGS of the American CONTINENTAL CONGRESS,” supplying customers with other products to keep informed beyond what they read in the newspaper.

March 11

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Norwich Packet (March 11, 1776).

“A few Copies of a Pamphlet, ENTITLED, COMMON SENSE, May be had of the Printers hereof.”

Alexander Robertson, James Robertson, and John Trumbull, the printers of the Norwich Packet, ran out of space for all the content intended for the March 11, 1776, edition of their newspaper.  They inserted a brief notice advising, “Advertisements omitted in this Paper will be in our next.”  They did have just enough space to insert a revised advertisement for Thomas Paine’s Common Sense immediately above that notice: “A few Copies of a Pamphlet, ENTITLED, COMMON SENSE, May be had of the Printers hereof.”

Norwich Packet (March 11, 1776).

The printers first ran a variation of that advertisement on February 26, but that was not the extent of the notice that Common Sense received in that issue.  Nathanel Patten, a bookbinder and stationer, inserted a separate advertisement that provided an overview of the contents by listing the section headings.  That replicated advertisements for Common Sensethat previously appeared in other newspapers.  In addition, the Robertsons and Trumbull published “EXTRACTS from aPamphlet entitled COMMON SENSE; addressed to the INHABITANTS of AMERICA” on the third page.  In making their selection, they passed over the first section of the pamphlet, “Of the Origin and Design of Government in general, with concise Remarks on the English Constitution,” and went directly to the second section, “Of MONARCHY and hereditary succession.”  The printers devoted half a column to the “EXTRACTS” and promised, “[To be continued.]” They were more generous the following week, allowing nearly two columns for “EXTRACTS FROM A PAMPHLET, ENTITLED, COMMON SENSE.”  In the issue that “omitted” advertisements and promised publication “in our next,” the printers designated two columns for further “EXTRACTS.”  They sacrificed valuable advertising revenue as they disseminated a portion of the popular political pamphlet to readers, though they may have recouped some of that lost revenue by enticing readers to purchase the pamphlet.  The Robertsons and Trumbull continued publishing “EXTRACTS” in another two columns on March 18 and just over two columns on March 25.  On April 1, they gave over the entire first page and another two columns on the last page to continuing the “EXTRACTS.”  On April 8, they concluded the extracted portion of Common Sense, once again featuring it on the first page along with nearly two columns on the last page.  They also promised more material related to the pamphlet, “Additions to the above,” in the next issue.  The Robertsons and Trumbull made it possible for colonizers to engage with Common Sense along multiple trajectories. They could purchase the entire pamphlet and read it for themselves, peruse the extracts in the Norwich Packet, and discuss what they read with others who debated the merits of declaring independence.

March 9

Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update , , , , ,

What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

Providence Gazette (March 9, 1776).

“Just PUBLISHED … An APPENDIX to Common Sense.”

Advertisements for Thomas Paine’s Common Sense continued to proliferate in the March 9, 1776, edition of the Providence Gazette.  Three weeks earlier, John Carter, the printer, announced that he had a local edition of the pamphlet “Now in the PRESS” and expected that copies would be ready for sale within a week.  To stoke anticipation, he trumpeted, “This Pamphlet is in such very great Demand, that in the Course of a few Weeks three Editions of it have been printed in Philadelphia, and to in New-York, besides a German Edition.”  The following week, he updated the advertisement to alert the public that he “JUST PUBLISHED” the pamphlet and sold it for “One Shilling single, or Eight Shillings per Dozen.”

Rather than continuing to run that advertisement, he once again revised it for the March 1 edition of the Providence Gazette.  This version eliminated the comment about the “very great Demand” for the pamphlet.  Carter also described his edition as “A NEW EDITION OF Common Sense,” replicating how William Bradford and Thomas Bradford described the edition they produced in collaboration with Thomas Paine after the author parted ways with Robert Bell, the publisher of the first edition of Common Sense.  Given that the Bradfords did not announce publication of that edition until February 14, the edition that Carter had “Now in the PRESS” on February 17 must have drawn from one of Bell’s editions or from John Anderson’s New York edition (drawn from one of Bell’s editions) published on February 8.  Why did Carter consider it necessary to revise his advertisement to describe his edition as “A NEW EDITION”?

He may have seen the dispute, first between Bell and Paine and later between Bell and the Bradfords, play out in advertisements in the Pennsylvania Evening Post and other newspapers published in Philadelphia.  After all, printers exchanged newspapers so they could reprint news, letters, editorials, and other content.  During that dispute, the Bradfords emphasized that their edition included new material written by Paine, “An APPENDIX, and an Address to the People called QUAKERS.”  It did not take long for Bell to pirate those items and add them to “Large ADDITIONS to COMMON SENSE,” a collection of essays from newspapers, none of the written by Paine.

Carter acquired one of those pamphlets.  On March 9, he once again ran his advertisement promoting the “NEW EDITION.”  In a second advertisement, he announced publication of “An APPENDIX to Common Sense,” a separate item that sold for “Ninepence single, or Six Shillings per Dozen.”  Richard Gimbel indicates that this pamphlet included the “Address to the People called Quakers.”[1]  Perhaps Carter updated his advertisement in solidarity with the Bradfords.  He did not, after all, publish a local edition of “Large Additions.”  Carter did not explicitly wade into that controversy that gained so much attention in Philadelphia.  Instead, he kept the focus on distributing Common Sense and Paine’s supplementary materials.

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[1] Richard Gimbel, Thomas Paine: A Bibliographical Check List of Common Sense with an Account of Its Publication (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 90.